Questions on Axioms 2 and 3

Here's  a whole bunch of questions regarding the new rules for domains as found in Axioms 2 and 3:

1) When applying the morale bonus from a Freehold (or City-State, or any similarly stated case of rules text), is this applied to the Base Morale of the Domain? Ie. it isn't re-applied every month, becoming a persisting -1? Nor is it a modifier to the roll? I guess this is fairly self evident, but sometimes the rules can get confusing about this as there are a couple of inputs into the actual Morale.

2) Also, on Freeholds/City-States, when the common people own the land, the land income should be cut by the percentage of land owned in this fashion? That also raises the question whether the commoners partake in paying for other parts of the costs, ie. liturgies, tithes or tribute? How to factor this in? Or are these only for the landowning nobility? If so, who pays the liturgies, tithes and tribute for the land owned by commoners? Also, what about collected Services earnings on these lands?

3) It seems we're dealing with entire senatorial realms in the rules, not just domains. Does this mean that the only highest level has the senate or that senates do (or perhaps may) appear at every domain level? The benefit (morale, henchmen bonuses, etc) go down the tree to "daughter" domains, so every domain gets the benefit even if the representation is only at the highest level.

One could easily see realms which are not entirely senatorial, but have a domain that is. This would suggest that every branch of the domain tree below that one gets the benefits? In some ways the question arises from the example on page, where the Governor benefits from a local Senate, though no doubt that realm could be feasible senatorial: but why have senate on local levels at all? Setting/RP-considerations aside, what would be the gain to counter the drawback of senate meddling and oversight if the benefits go down the tree anyway?

4) Do they have Beastmen clanholds have garrisons? None are mentioned in the text on them (which doesn't mean they don't have them), but the text on Chaotic domains does mention them in a manner that somewhat implies to me that clanholds may not have them.

5) The old (land/urban) revenue penalties from ACKS Core are gone and replaced by the reduced maximum pop per hex? Axioms 2 doesnt specifically say it replaces the old (beastman) rules, though, so I'm not sure if we should still apply them.

6) In the same vein as above, are the domain morale modifiers for garrisons and festivals (now liturgies) still doubled, where they apply (ie. the positive garrison modifiers are gone anyway)?

1) When applying the morale bonus from a Freehold (or City-State, or any similarly stated case of rules text), is this applied to the Base Morale of the Domain? Ie. it isn't re-applied every month, becoming a persisting -1? Nor is it a modifier to the roll? I guess this is fairly self evident, but sometimes the rules can get confusing about this as there are a couple of inputs into the actual Morale.

It's applied to the base morale score, not the morale roll.

2) Also, on Freeholds/City-States, when the common people own the land, the land income should be cut by the percentage of land owned in this fashion? That also raises the question whether the commoners partake in paying for other parts of the costs, ie. liturgies, tithes or tribute? How to factor this in? Or are these only for the landowning nobility? If so, who pays the liturgies, tithes and tribute for the land owned by commoners? Also, what about collected Services earnings on these lands?

The landowners collect land and service revenue and are responsible for the liturgy, tithe, and tax expenses. If the peasants own a percentage of the land, then they will pay an equal percentage of the liturgy, tithe, and tax expenses. If the peasants own a percentage of the land, then they will earn an equal percentage of the land and service income. (In practice this means the peasants are keeping their crops and labor for themselves.)

3) It seems we're dealing with entire senatorial realms in the rules, not just domains. Does this mean that the only highest level has the senate or that senates do (or perhaps may) appear at every domain level? The benefit (morale, henchmen bonuses, etc) go down the tree to "daughter" domains, so every domain gets the benefit even if the representation is only at the highest level.

The rules as written concern themselves only with senates a the highest level of the realm. The senates are forced to get larger as the size of the realm increases.

Setting/RP-considerations aside, what would be the gain to counter the drawback of senate meddling and oversight if the benefits go down the tree anyway?

If you want to provide a benefit to having a senate at lower levels, you might try something as follows:

1. The minimum size of a realm's senate is decreased by one row on the Size of the Senate table if all of the realm's direct sub-domains have senates. Start with the lowest-tier domains that have senates and work upwards. The  benefits of having senates do not stack.

EXAMPLE: The Auran Empire has a population of 4.3 million families. It consists of 5 Exarchates with 860,000 families each. Each Exarchate has 5 Prefectures with 172,000 families each. The Judge decides each Prefecture has a Senate with 20 seats. Normally an Exarchate of 860,000 families would have a minimum size senate of 51 seats, but since each Prefecture has a senate, the Exarchate's senate size is reduced by one row, to a minimum of 16. The Judge decides each Exarchate has a senate of 35 seats. The Empire would normally have a minimum senate size of 225 seats, but since each Exarchate has a senate, the Empire's minimum senate size is reduced to 51. The Judge decides it has 100 senators. 

and/or

2. For a domain to receive the benefits of being a senatorial realm, its ruler must be a senator, or the realm must itself have a senate. 

4) Do they have Beastmen clanholds have garrisons? None are mentioned in the text on them (which doesn't mean they don't have them), but the text on Chaotic domains does mention them in a manner that somewhat implies to me that clanholds may not have them.

Beastmen clanholds do have garrisons. These will typically be tribal warriors. 

5) The old (land/urban) revenue penalties from ACKS Core are gone and replaced by the reduced maximum pop per hex? Axioms 2 doesnt specifically say it replaces the old (beastman) rules, though, so I'm not sure if we should still apply them.

That's correct. And Axiomis does say (under Chaotic Domains), "The following rules are intended to replace the rules for Chaotic Domains found on p. 134 of ACKS." 

6) In the same vein as above, are the domain morale modifiers for garrisons and festivals (now liturgies) still doubled, where they apply (ie. the positive garrison modifiers are gone anyway)?

No, they are no longer doubled. The new rules enirely replace the old rules.